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Visual intelligent inference method for material gradation in rockfill dams
considering stacking occlusion

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WANG Fang ，ZHAO Chunju ，YU Jialin ，DUAN Bin ，LIU Quan ，ZHOU Yihong 1

（1. Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes，Ministry of Education，Hubei University

of Technology，Wuhan 430068，China；2. China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute，Beijing 100120，China；3. CHN Energy

Dadu River Jinchuan Hydropower Project Construction Co.，Ltd.，Aba 624100，China；4. Wuhan University，Wuhan 430072，China）

Abstract：In naturally stacked rock heaps，surface rocks not only occlude one another but also experience inter-

layer occlusion with deeper layers，resulting in visual information loss and significant challenges for accurate visual

gradation detection. To address these challenges，this study proposes a vision-based intelligent inference framework
for rockfill gradation that accounts for occlusion. A visual contour perception model was developed to reconstruct the
contours of occluded rocks under natural stacking conditions，extracting their characteristic parameters. Considering

the uncertainty in stacking angles，the three-dimensional particle sizes were estimated based on the random sampling
of particle shapes and stacking angles，and the visual gradation on the surface layer was evaluated. To address dis⁃

crepancies between visual and actual gradation caused by inter-layer occlusion，a mapping was constructed using the

support vector regression （SVR） algorithm，enabling accurate inference of actual gradation while accounting for
occlusion. Field experiments were conducted based on a certain hydropower project，verifying the feasibility and

effectiveness of the proposed gradation inference method. The developed software and hardware system was deployed
for on-site gradation detection，demonstrating results highly consistent with those obtained from the traditional siev⁃

ing method. Compared to the conventional method，the proposed system provides significant advantages，including

minimal interference，non-contact operation capability，and single-test completion within 1 minute. non-contact

operation，and a less than 1 minute detection time per measurement. Furthermore，the testing frequency for transition
materials and upstream rockfill was increased by 75 times and 250 times respectively. This system enables large-

scale，high-efficiency，and high-precision gradation of rock materials before placement on the dam.

Keywords：rockfill dam；stacking occlusion；contour perception；size estimation；gradation inference

（责任编辑：韩 昆）
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